I sat under the shade of a large marquee, and watched a flatbed truck drive haltingly by, while tears escaped from behind the cover of my sunglasses. On the back of this truck, and two which followed it, dancers performed vignettes from Butakoci, a dance-based production which (in its entirety) tells stories about human trafficking in Fiji’s past and present. The parts adapted for performance on Friday 8 November, 2024, at the 160th Commemoration of the Arrival of Melanesian Labourers to Fiji, related to the experiences of ‘blackbirded’ people. Many of those blackbirded were kidnapped from the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and brought to Fiji to undertake hard agricultural labour on plantations for a minimum of three years (unless they died first): these were the ‘Melanesian labourers’ mentioned in the commemoration event’s name. Over the period 1864–1911, around 27,000 contracts were signed for terms of indenture in Fiji (many other Solomoni and Ni-Vanuatu people were taken to Queensland and some to Sāmoa). Many decades later, dancers expressed the grief, pain and desperate fear of this group of people, while a haunting song played.

The producer of Butakoci, Talei Draunibaka, spoke at the 160th Commemoration both about how acknowledging past pain could assist healing in the present, and about the process of creating the work and the thinking behind the artistic decisions she made. (She has spoken about this elsewhere, also.) In the short video we have produced about the 160th Commemoration, Draunibaka is speaking at the inflection point, parts of the adapted version of Butakoci are depicted, and some of the show’s version of Lai tei dalo ko tamaqu can be heard as part of the video’s own soundtrack. As masterful a choice as this song was for its Fijian audience, some background knowledge of its context for those watching who are not Fijian may or may not add depth to our understanding—as my own experience suggests, though, not understanding the words doesn’t mean that watching the show can’t be deeply moving. I also write this post to foreground the significance and value of song as a primary document, as living history, as a way of keeping experiences alive in spirit, even when more official versions of the past might be repressed or ignored. As the video of the 160th Commemoration shows, soundtracked only by music and words spoken at the event, the days involved grieving, dancing, singing, speaking and advocating for a better tomorrow.

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The theme of the conference, from lamentation to hope, suggests a spectrum (along which different speakers situated themselves) as well as directional movement. Tuvaluan theologian Tafue Lusama, from Pacific Theological College, argued that to lament is to be prophetic. Several speakers spoke of distressing and challenging events, but rather than being crushed by their destruction or destructive potential, considered the promise inherent in them. Anglican Bishop Nicholas Chamberlain from the Diocese of Lincoln mentioned that his diocese was almost insolvent in 2019. Professor Elisabeth Holland, a renowned scientist specialising in climate change and ocean systems, spoke about environmental tipping points, points after which change becomes irreversible. Yet both shifted from lamentation over these circumstances towards hope. The financial challenges of Bishop Nicholas’s diocese offered an opportunity to change for the better, and for a total reframing and reprioritising of their ecological goals. Care for the environment is now central to the work of the diocese. Professor Holland cautioned strongly about the potential realities of unchecked climate change, but alongside that lamentation she offered the potential of a tipping point for good, comprised of divestment from fossil fuels and other solutions which are being developed by scientific research.

In order to tip those balances in the right direction, many speakers talked about what actions and connections needed to be strengthened in order to make a positive difference with real impact. There was much emphasis upon the partnerships that must be forged between churches and scientists. Though some in the community—even the leaders of some churches—hold religion and science to be in opposition, that is not the case and need not be the case: creating and investing in connections between the two is a critical way forward. While there is benefit for church leaders and scientists in engaging with political processes, particularly in bodies like the United Nations’ COP, it is also clear—as Anglican Archbishop Emeritus Dr. Winston Halapua pointed out—that political lifespans are short compared with the work of the church. Because politicians’ term of influence can be brief, scientists and church leaders should be talking to corporations as well as political leaders. In addition, Anglican Archbishop Julio Murray argued that though COP is a significant body, the real work of combatting climate change doesn’t happen at its meetings. Churches also have the opportunity to communicate from within, from a cultural context that could reach climate change deniers or millenarian Christians and lead to concrete local action. Archbishop Winston urged church leaders to do something with what they have: words. And Rev. Dr. Hirini Kaa, Manukura of St John’s Theological College in Auckland, described the comfort and spiritual support provided by the Anglican Church to those impacted by the devastation of Hurricane Gabrielle in Tairawhiti in 2023.

Another strand woven from many speakers’ points was that people of all ages can contribute to the work of protecting the environment around us. Several spoke of the importance of listening to as well as guiding youth. Reverend James Bhagwan of the Methodist Church in Fiji, and General Secretary of the Pacific Council of Churches, began his talk by asking his daughter Antonia to read her published poem, itself a lament, titled ‘Don’t let my home sink like the sun’. He called for indigenous climate knowledge to be brought into the curriculum of schools, including church-run primary and secondary schools, using empowering decolonised language. He called also for theological colleges to take two particular steps. First, to prioritise climate change work, so that it will be brought to the communities where graduates will go after their training. Second, to make actions which resist or reverse climate change a part of church life in the round rather than a separate programme, recognising the interconnectedness of this work with all of religious life and practice. The seeds of hope are not tended only by the young; Anglican Archbishop of Polynesia, Sione Ulu’ilakepa, told a story about an elderly man, Mihati, who took on some of the clean-up after Cyclone Kita in Tonga in 2018. Mihati responded with openness and positivity even after his house and all of his possessions in it had been destroyed by the cyclone, and he was eager to make a contribution to his community’s survival. In addition to supporting youth, Archbishop Sione advised listening to the wisdom of those with experience and knowledge.

Speakers also stressed the importance of reframing economic models and moving away from the orthodoxies of capitalism and neo-imperialism. Rev. Dr. Cliff Bird of the Uniting Church of the Solomon Islands spoke about his work reimagining the dominant model of economic projection away from GDP and a focus on growth. The political pressure being exerted right now by mining companies, who want to extract minerals from the deep ocean, alongside the environmental impacts of historical mineral extraction and the destruction of forests, leaves us ecologically poorer and less stable; Dr. Bird argued that the economic model of market growth/GDP as a measure of the economy is weak. Sharing and reciprocity preceded capitalism, and this informed his work in formulating Reweaving the Ecological Mat (REM), published by the Pacific Council of Churches. Rev. James Bhagwan pointed out that the ocean plays an important role in absorbing carbon and in producing 50-60% of the oxygen we breathe, and yet the ocean is mapped for exploitation and as a part of an economic war for resources. Feiloakitau Tevi directed a question at those from Aotearoa: what is your role in exploiting others in the Pacific? Similarly, Dr. Paul Roughan cautioned against the neo-imperialism which is present in the Pacific, and warned about treating some legal strategies as a panacea. He pointed out the risks of naming the ocean as a person (as has been done with the Whanganui River in Aotearoa) because while this strategy appears to protect the ocean, people can be subjected to custodianships, and controlled by lawyers.

The final strand highlighted here is the power of the unknown and how an awareness of how much we do not know must temper advocates of further extraction. Taholo Kami, the United Nations’ IUCN Regional Director for Oceania and the Pacific, showed an image of nodules at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. Scientists have recently realised that these nodules are charged, and can break apart water molecules to produce oxygen deep in the ocean where light cannot reach. This ‘dark’ oxygen sits counter to the orthodoxies about the production of oxygen on our planet. Messing with these nodules—as would happen were proposed deep sea mining to proceed at scale—could have significant flow-on impacts on the health and even survival of those of us who live outside the ocean. Though there is much we cannot see or do not yet know about its systems and its depths, the ocean is central to life on land.

The Moana Water of Life 2 conference was livestreamed and can be watched here.

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When its reading room hours changed, in 2021, ANZ cited greater accessibility for a larger number of people, and linked that to their core purpose: ‘To be a vibrant, trusted, national archive we need to provide a modern service that meets our customers’ needs. Reducing reading room hours has allowed us to put our energy into listing and digitising records and making them available online. This provides better access to New Zealand’s public archives for more users.’

What, then, are the consequences of the end of this project? Millions of Archives NZ records remain undigitized, and therefore less accessible, especially for those who live outside the centres of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. Their physical storage facilities are also close to capacity, and therefore not future-proofed for incoming archival content. Of course, digitisation was not a panacea for storage issues, as digitising records did not mean destroying the originals, and digital content requires storage of its own. However, storage issues remain a factor to negotiate in the ongoing mahi of Archives NZ.

The end of the digitisation project at Archives NZ gives us greater resolve to offer our own, accessible, history work online, as we are unbeholden to external funding.

The work that Archives NZ staff—a number of whom are about to be made redundant—have done is valuable and is valued by many people. We extend our aroha to those whose livelihoods will be affected.

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Meanwhile, in the same article, the ACT Party education spokesperson Laura Trask provided an statement criticising the ‘flawed and divisive’ curriculum, and suggesting it divides ‘history into villains and victims, contains significant gaps and entrenches a narrow understanding of New Zealand’s history.’

The statements of these two MPs reflect different ideas of ‘balance’. Stanford explores the ‘balance’ of scale—to what extent should we zoom out and look at national and international perspectives alongside local examples? Trask seems to emphasise ‘balance’ of viewpoint, though her critique is harder to reconcile with the curriculum documents and the ERO report. Exploration of the viewpoints of different historical actors is one of the critical components of the curriculum, particularly as ākonga progress through their intermediate years and beyond.

Whether one is in agreement with these government MPs or not, the ERO report and its reception provides a salient opportunity for historians and those producing curriculum support materials to ask themselves how they might bring ‘balance’ to their mahi, and to reflect on what ‘balance’ looks like for their organisation. How will we, as a project inaugurated by the Anglican Hāhi, seek balance in our mahi?

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